Water hardness is a measure of the concentration of all the polyvalent cations dissolved in the water. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the brinell, vickers and rockwell hardness tests. Where, m 3 total hardness of sample water v 1 volume of sample hard water in conical flask 3. This lab experiment demonstrated the successful implementation of complexometric titration to test the hardness of tap water. The hardness of water is referred to by three types of measurements. Lab 2 analyze your water samples for total hardness and for calcium. In this experiment a solution of edta will be standardize by titration against a standard solution made from calcium carbonate, caco3. The materials and the aforesaid property have significant use in civil engineering. The chemistry of natural waters and their hardness lab report. Water is a great solvent for calcium and magnesium, so if the minerals are present in the soil around a water supply well, hard water may be delivered to homes.
Typically, the water produced by fairfax water is considered moderately hard to hard. Determine the effective carburizing depth that corresponds to 400 vhn 2. Removal of hardness from water samples by a carbonation. Ryan carmichael, rachel cohen, zach eichenwald, anne krikorian, jing ng, meghan whalen report by ryan carmichael and anne krikorian e59 laboratory report submitted october 7, 2008 department of engineering, swarthmore college. Lab 4 alkalinity acidity and determination of alkalinity. Determination of total hardness of water hard and soft water. Determination of water hardness lab report example topics and well written essays. Determination of the hardness of water water hardness designation.
Aug 30, 2017 to determine the total hardness of a water sample using edta. The outcome of this hypothesis is confirmed by the data in the calculations section of this lab report. In this report i have tried my best to summarize all the things that i have learnt during my stay at rine engineering pvt limited,baddi,india, in simple and effective manner. With soluble oil type fluids, hard water can destabilize the emulsion, causing it to separate into oil and plain water. Aug 06, 2015 lab 4 alkalinity acidity and determination of alkalinity in water 1.
Water systems using groundwater as a source are concerned with water hardness, since as water moves through soil and rock it dissolves small amounts of naturallyoccurring minerals and carries them into the groundwater supply. Total alkalinity is determined by titration of the water sample to the endpoint of the methyl orange indicator, or an approximate ph of 4. The temporary hardness is due to the presence of cahco 3 or mghco 3 or both. Obtain 25 ml of distilled water and add it to the same flask. Hardness of water by edta titration introduction water hardness is a measure of the amount of hard water cations in water. The hardness of wateris a measure of the amount of calcium and magnesium ions it contains. The alkalinity of natural water is due to the salts of carbonate, bicarbonate, borates, silicates and phosphates along with the hydroxyl ions in free state. Chm152ll lab manual complexometric determination of water hardness complexometric determination of water hardness introduction complex ions when a neutral molecule or anion a lewis base donates electron pairs and attaches itself to a metal ion center a lewis acid, the resulting cluster, or complex, of atoms becomes a single complex ion.
Results list hardness values of rockwell and brinell for each specimen. Plan an experiment using edta to determine the degree of hardness in a sample of water. Determination of water hardness lab report free essays. The difference between the two is the bicarbonate alkalinity. Possible sources of errors in this lab may have resulted from two known systematic errors and random errors. Pour 25 ml of the water sample into a 250 ml erlenmeyer flask. Determination of water hardness using complexometric. Instructions for formal reports will be posted in the same sidebar as this lab. Carbonate alkalinity is determined by titration of the water sample to the phenolphthalein indicator endpoint, or approximately a ph of 8. Complexometric determination of water hardness lab essay. Water hardness was one water quality parameter studied. In section a water hardness was determined using atomic absorption.
Lab5 determination of hardness of water linkedin slideshare. Report chem120 determination of water hardness using edta. Determination of hardness in water denver instrument. Brinell hardness test lab report hardness is the mechanical property of the material which helps him in resisting the plastic deformation of the material. The purpose of the following experiments is to study the hardness of different types of materials, and to understand the significance of this property in materials.
Filtrating the water samples after analyzing the water hardness, the ph, and the conductivity of the samples, each sample was filtrated. Determination of water hardness of filtered and unfiltered water using complexometric titration. Dcapodacachm112l determination of water hardness using edta. Attach the table as an appendix to your lab report. Lab 4 alkalinity acidity and determination of alkalinity in water 1.
Apr 01, 2014 the hardness of water is structured by a numerical range. Testing water with chemical methods to determine hardness can prove useful in preventing the previously mentioned issues of inefficiency that hard water can cause. This application note also uses edta titration with a potentiometric determination of the equivalent. The chemistry of natural waters and their hardness lab report robert derosky november 12, 2015 chemistry 111.
Water which does not give lather with soap is hard water. Experiment 8 measurement of water hardness with edta titrations introduction water from lakes, rivers and wells often contains a significant amount of calcium and magnesium ions. The objectives of this experiment are to acquire knowledge about the concept of water hardness, utilize as well as harness skills attained in the last experiment, and determine the hardness of ones local water supply. These hard water cations include calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc and the other polyvalent metal ions. After mixing cation exchange resin with our water sample, i used the resulting water to test the hardness using edta titration like before.
Hardness of water temporary and permanent hardness in water. Measure 1 total hardness and 2 calcium hardness using dye indicators. Analyticalchemlab 8 lab report chem 3351 ttu studocu. The hardness of water is structured by a numerical range. In most water samples, calcium and magnesium are the chief contributors to water hardness. The determination of water hardness and water filtration things for the lab notebook and to be included in the lab report. In each tank 100 fry ware introduced and the experiment was run in triplicate. Edta determination of total water hardness water hardness is an expression for the sum of the calcium and magnesium cation concentration in a water sample. These cations form insoluble salts with a reagent in soap, decreasing it s cleaning effectiveness. Robert donohue9 obtained a sample of tap water from a faucet in geary hall. Lab 4 alkalinity acidity and determination of alkalinity in. In order to do thi s, a filtration column was cleansed.
Whether your water causes illness, stains on plumbing, scaly deposits, or a bad taste, a water analysis identifies the problem and enables you to make knowledgeable decisions about water treatment. Steps to check and record brinell hardness of specimen, 3. Water quality is evaluated using a number of parameters, including total ionic content, ph, total dissolved solids, organic compounds, and water hardness. Other definitions of hardness include resistance to scratching, resistance to abrasion, resistance to cutting or drilling, or energy absorption under impact loads. Complexometric determination of water hardness lab report introduction. Determination of alkalinity carbonate and bicarbonate.
Hardness of water measures the sum of calcium and magnesium ions present in the water. Pdf dcapodacachm112l determination of water hardness. Hardness laboratory laboratory performed on september 23, 2008 by the late tuesday lab group. The standard way to express water hardness is in ppm. Determination of the hardness of water water hardness. Determination of water hardness lab report example. Jordan university of science and technology faculty of engineering civil engineering department ce 453 environmental lab determination of hardness of water experiment 5 student name. Determination of the hardness of water one of the factors that establishes the quality of a water supply is its degree of hardness. In this article, we are going to talk about the determination of hardness of water by edta titration method. Water hardness is an expression for the sum of the calcium and magnesium cation. Experiment 8 measurement of water hardness with edta titrations. List vhn versus distance from surface for carburized specimen.
Section e is focused on a method to reduce the hardness of water. The best way to protect the potomac river from contamination is to. How is water classified based on the degree of hardness. Jordan university of science and technology faculty of engineering civil engineering department ce 453 environmental lab alkalinity acidity and determination of alkalinity in water experiment 4 student name. One characteristic of hard water is that it forms a precipitate with ordinary soap. In the present experiment, total hardness was measured by the edta method for hard water samples. What is water hardness and various types of water hardness. Pdf dcapodacachm112l determination of water hardness using.
Multiply m 3 and m 4 with 10 5 to covert hardness into parts per million ppm. Section f is mostly calculations to determine the hardness value of our water samples using aa. Hardness testing lab report the purpose of the following experiments is to study the hardness of different types of materials, and to understand the significance of this property in materials. Nov 10, 2015 lab5 determination of hardness of water 1. Water is a great solvent for calcium and magnesium, so if the minerals are present in the soil around a watersupply well, hard water may be delivered to homes. Different materials specimens will be tested in this laboratory experiment namely. Hardness of water temporary and permanent hardness in water the hardness of water is due to the presence of soluble bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates of calcium and magnesium. Jul 11, 2018 filtrating the water samples after analyzing the water hardness, the ph, and the conductivity of the samples, each sample was filtrated. The values of uncertainty components of volumetric ware are taken according to our experience, experiments carried out in our lab and data from manufactures of.
Prepare and fill the ise25ca ion selective electrode as indicated in the operating instructions and store it in. Because two of the trials showed results of 200 ppm and one had the result of 210 ppm, this indicates that the actual hardness of the water was closer to 200 ppm. Determination of permanent hardness m 2v 2 m 4v 4 where, m 4 permanent hardness of sample water v 4 volume of sample hard water in conical flask note. Hardness in drinkingwater, 2003 this experiment shows a practical application of how chemistry can be used to help deal with real world issues. Determination of the hardness of water sample by complexometric titration. Report the water hardness as ppm caco 3 of a 50 ml water sample that. To determine the total hardness of a water sample using edta. Hard water has a lot of minerals calcium and magnesium mainly dissolved in it. Because of this, you can test for the hardness of water by looking at the amount of bubbles produced when you mix water and soap. Hardness is a property of water that is not a health concern, but it can be a nuisance. Testing for water hardness cornell center for materials. Chemistry 201 laboratory fall 2008 page 1 of 3 experiment 1. Lab5 determination of hardness of water slideshare. In this experiment, you will analyze a sample of water to measure the amount of calcium or the water hardness by performing titrations on water samples you.
Total water hardness is usually expressed as the milligrams of caco3 equivalent. The most common such cations are calcium and magnesium. Determination of alkalinity carbonate and bicarbonate hardness introduction the alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. The purpose of this experiment is to determine the hardness of a water sample by measuring the amount of calcium present.
Experiment 8 measurement of water hardness with edta. Hard water can cause mineral buildup in plumbing, fixtures, and water heaters, and poor performance of soaps and detergents. Go back through the lab and read it several times to look for data you will need to gather and what you will need to present as your final result. Determination of hardness of water by edta titration method. If i were to do this experiment again, it would be helpful to put in more indicator at. Estimation of total, permanent and temporary hardness of. Once the lab has completed testing your water, you will receive a report that looks similar to figure 1. State the salts responsible for temporary and permanent hardness of water 8. Discussion only those indicated will be answered in the lab report 1.
Plastics deformation can be form the starching, compression or due to indentation of any object in the work piece. See the hint that is given prior to the formula for ys0. Hardness is defined as calcium and magnesium ion content. Determination of total hardness of water by complexonometric. On the other hand, permanent hardness is due to the presence of sulphates, chlorides and nitrates of calcium and magnesium as like cacl 2, caso 4, mgcl 2 and mgso.
Determination of water hardness from common water sources using flame atomic absorbance spectrometry jarryd campbell and dan peterson department of chemistry, concordia college, 901 8th st s, moorhead, mn 56562 abstract water hardness is determined by the total concentration of. The present study was conducted to assess the impact of water hardness on survival and growth of labeo rohita fry. Determination of water hardness using complexometric titration. Vickers and rockwell hardness test, the results are given to students in the class lab by the qness hardness test machine in fig.
Pdf determining the hardness of various water samples. Protecting your drinking water supply protect the watershed a watershed is an area of land that drains to a particular point along a stream or river. The hypothesis of the experiment was that the filtration system would reduce the water. The causes of hardness of water is by multivalent metallic cations, which react with soap to form precipitates and with certain anions present in water to form scale the primary cations causing hardness are calcium, magnesium, strontium, ferrous ion, and manganous ions. Bring at least 100 ml of water from home, your dormitory, or any local water supply to lab. This analysis will utilize the method of titration. The indicator eriochrome black t will help detect when you edta has completely chelated the metal impurities. This lab will be graded based on the accuracy of your individual results. Aa is done by running a sample through two separate machines, one looking. The abovementioned standard lays down a titration with edta at ph 10.
It is water insoluble and is the main component of the scale that clogs pipes. Chm152ll lab manual complexometric determination of water hardness complexometric determination of water hardness introduction complex ions when a neutral molecule or anion a lewis base donates electron pairs and attaches itself to a metal ion center a lewis acid, the resulting cluster, or complex, of atoms becomes a single. Using the above converted values, calculate the uts and ys values using the empirical formulas given in the laboratory sheets. In this lab, we define hardness as resistance to indentation under an applied load, which corresponds with deformation of the material under a load.
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